NAME
SpeedyCGI - Speed up perl scripts by running them persistently.
SYNOPSIS
#!/usr/bin/speedy
### Your Script Here. For example:
print "Content-type: text/html\n\nHello World!\n";
##
## Optionally, use the CGI::SpeedyCGI module for various things
##
# Create a SpeedyCGI object
use CGI::SpeedyCGI;
my $sp = CGI::SpeedyCGI->new;
# See if we are running under SpeedyCGI or not.
print "Running under speedy=", $sp->i_am_speedy ? 'yes' : 'no', "\n";
# Register a shutdown handler
$sp->add_shutdown_handler(sub { do something here });
# Register a cleanup handler
$sp->register_cleanup(sub { do something here });
# Set/get some SpeedyCGI options
$sp->setopt('timeout', 30);
print "maxruns=", $sp->getopt('maxruns'), "\n";
DESCRIPTION
SpeedyCGI is a way to run perl scripts persistently, which can make them run much more quickly. A script can be made to to run persistently by changing the interpreter line at the top of the script from:
#!/usr/bin/perl
to
#!/usr/bin/speedy
After the script is initially run, instead of exiting, the perl interpreter is kept running. During subsequent runs, this interpreter is used to handle new executions instead of starting a new perl interpreter each time. A very fast frontend program, written in C, is executed for each request. This fast frontend then contacts the persistent Perl process, which is usually already running, to do the work and return the results.
By default each perl script runs in its own Unix process, so one perl script can't interfere with another. Command line options can also be used to deal with programs that have memory leaks or other problems that might keep them from otherwise running persistently.
SpeedyCGI can be used to speed up perl CGI scripts. It conforms to the CGI specification, and does not run perl code inside the web server. Since the perl interpreter runs outside the web server, it can't cause problems for the web server itself.
SpeedyCGI also provides an Apache module so that under the Apache web server, scripts can be run without the overhead of doing a fork/exec for each request. With this module a small amount of frontend code is run within the web server - the perl interpreters still run outside the server.
SpeedyCGI and PersistentPerl are currently both names for the same code. SpeedyCGI was the original name, but because people weren't sure what it did, the name PersistentPerl was picked as an alias. At some point SpeedyCGI will be replaced by PersistentPerl, or become a sub-class of PersistentPerl to avoid always having two distributions.
OPTIONS
Setting Option Values
SpeedyCGI options can be set in several ways:
Command Line
The speedy command line is the same as for regular perl, with the
exception that SpeedyCGI specific options can be passed in after a
"--".
For example the line:
#!/usr/bin/speedy -w -- -t300
at the top of your script will set the perl option "`-w'" and will
pass the "`-t'" option to SpeedyCGI, setting the Timeout value to
300 seconds.
Environment
Environment variables can be used to pass in options. This can only
be done before the initial execution, not from within the script
itself. The name of the environment variable is always SPEEDY_
followed by the option name in upper-case. For example to set the
speedy Timeout option, use the environment variable named
SPEEDY_TIMEOUT.
Module
The CGI::SpeedyCGI module provides the setopt method to set options
from within the perl script at runtime. There is also a getopt
method to retrieve the current options. See the section on "METHODS"
below.
Apache
If you are using the optional Apache module, SpeedyCGI options can
be set in the httpd.conf file. The name of the apache directive will
always be Speedy followed by the option name. For example to set the
Timeout option, use the apache directive SpeedyTimeout.
Context
Not all options below are available in all contexts. The context for which each option is valid is listed on the "Context" line in the section below. There are three contexts:
speedy
The command-line "speedy" program, used normally with #! at the top
of your script or from a shell prompt.
mod_speedycgi
The optional Apache mod_speedycgi module.
module
During perl execution via the CGI::SpeedyCGI module's getopt/setopt
methods.
Options Available
BackendProg
Command Line : -p<string>
Default Value : "/usr/bin/speedy_backend"
Context : mod_speedycgi, speedy
Description:
Path to the speedy backend program.
BufsizGet
Command Line : -B<number>
Default Value : 131072
Context : speedy
Description:
Use <number> bytes as the maximum size for the buffer that
receives data from the perl backend.
BufsizPost
Command Line : -b<number>
Default Value : 131072
Context : speedy
Description:
Use <number> bytes as the maximum size for the buffer that
sends data to the perl backend.
Group
Command Line : -g<string>
Default Value : "none"
Context : mod_speedycgi, speedy
Description:
Allow a single perl interpreter to run multiple scripts.
All scripts that are run with the same group name and by
the same user will be run by the same group of perl
interpreters. If the group name is "none" then grouping is
disabled and each interpreter will run one script.
Different group names allow scripts to be separated into
different groups. Name is case-sensitive, and only the
first 12-characters are significant. Specifying an empty
group name is the same as specifying the group name
"default" - this allows just specifying "-g" on the command
line to turn on grouping.
MaxBackends
Command Line : -M<number>
Default Value : 0 (no max)
Context : mod_speedycgi, speedy
Description:
If non-zero, limits the number of speedy backends running
for this perl script to <number>.
MaxRuns
Command Line : -r<number>
Default Value : 500
Context : mod_speedycgi, module, speedy
Description:
Once the perl interpreter has run <number> times, re-exec
the backend process. Zero indicates no maximum. This
option is useful for processes that tend to consume
resources over time.
PerlArgs
Command Line : N/A
Default Value : ""
Context : mod_speedycgi
Description:
Command-line options to pass to the perl interpreter.
Timeout
Command Line : -t<number>
Default Value : 3600 (one hour)
Context : mod_speedycgi, module, speedy
Description:
If no new requests have been received after <number>
seconds, exit the persistent perl interpreter. Zero
indicates no timeout.
TmpBase
Command Line : -T<string>
Default Value : "/tmp/speedy"
Context : mod_speedycgi, speedy
Description:
Use the given prefix for creating temporary files. This
must be a filename prefix, not a directory name.
Version
Command Line : -v
Context : speedy
Description:
Print the SpeedyCGI version and exit.
METHODS
The following methods are available in the CGI::SpeedyCGI module.
new Create a new CGI::SpeedyCGI object.
my $sp = CGI::SpeedyCGI->new;
register_cleanup($function_ref)
Register a function that will be called at the end of each request,
after your script finishes running, but before STDOUT and STDERR are
closed. Multiple functions can be added by calling the method more
than once. At the end of the request, each function will be called
in the order in which it was registered.
$sp->register_cleanup(\&cleanup_func);
add_shutdown_handler($function_ref)
Add a function to the list of functions that will be called right
before the perl interpreter exits. This is not at the end of each
request, it is when the perl interpreter decides to exit completely
due to a Timeout or reaching MaxRuns.
$sp->add_shutdown_handler(sub {$dbh->logout});
set_shutdown_handler($function_ref)
Deprecated. Similar to `add_shutdown_handler', but only allows for a
single function to be registered.
$sp->set_shutdown_handler(sub {$dbh->logout});
i_am_speedy
Returns a boolean telling whether this script is running under
SpeedyCGI or not. A perl script can run under regular perl, or under
SpeedyCGI. This method allows the script to tell which environment
it is in.
$sp->i_am_speedy;
To make your script as portable as possible, you can use the
following test to make sure both the SpeedyCGI module is available
and you are running under SpeedyCGI:
if (eval {require CGI::SpeedyCGI} && CGI::SpeedyCGI->i_am_speedy) {
Do something SpeedyCGI specific here...
To increase the speed of this check you can also test whether the
following variable is defined instead of going through the object
interface:
$CGI::SpeedyCGI::i_am_speedy
setopt($optname, $value)
Set one of the SpeedyCGI options given in the section on "Options
Available". Returns the option's previous value. $optname is case-
insensitive.
$sp->setopt('TIMEOUT', 300);
getopt($optname)
Return the current value of one of the SpeedyCGI options. $optname
is case-insensitive.
$sp->getopt('TIMEOUT');
shutdown_now
Shut down the perl interpreter right away. This function does not
return.
$sp->shutdown_now
shutdown_next_time
Shut down the perl interpreter as soon as this request is done.
$sp->shutdown_next_time
INSTALLATION
To install SpeedyCGI you will need to either download a binary package for your OS, or compile SpeedyCGI from source code. See the section on "DOWNLOADING" for information on where to obtain the source code and binaries.
Binary Installation
Once you have downloaded the binary package for your OS, you'll need to install it using the normal package tools for your OS. The commands to do that are:
Linux
rpm -i <filename>
Solaris
gunzip <filename>.gz
pkgadd -d <filename>
BSD pkg_add <filename>
If you are also installing the apache module you will have to configure Apache as documented in the section on "Apache Configuration".
Source Code Installation
To compile SpeedyCGI you will need perl 5.005_03 or later, and a C compiler, preferably the same one that your perl distribution was compiled with. SpeedyCGI is known to work under Solaris, Redhat Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. There may be problems with other OSes or earlier versions of Perl. SpeedyCGI may not work with threaded perl -- as of release 2.10, Linux and Solaris seem to work OK with threaded perl, but FreeBSD does not.
Standard Install
To do a standard install from source code, execute the following:
perl Makefile.PL
make
make test
make install
This will install the speedy and speedy_backend binaries in the same directory where perl was installed, and the SpeedyCGI.pm module in the standard perl lib directory. It will also attempt to install the mod_speedycgi module if you have the command apxs in your path.
Install in a Different Directory
If you don't have permission to install into the standard perl directory, or if you want to install elsewhere, the easiest way is to compile and install your own copy of perl in another location, then use your new version of perl when you run "perl Makefile.PL". The SpeedyCGI binaries and module will then be installed in the same location as the new version of perl.
If you can't install your own perl, you can take the following steps:
Setuid Install
SpeedyCGI has limited support for running setuid - installing this way may compromise the security of your system. To install setuid do the
This has been know to work in Linux and FreeBSD. Solaris will work as long as the Group option is set to "none".
Apache Installation
To compile the optional apache mod_speedycgi module you must have the apxs command in your path. Redhat includes this command with the "apache-devel" RPM, though it may not work properly for installation.
If the apache installation fails:
LoadModule speedycgi_module modules/mod_speedycgi.so
If you are using Apache-1, also add:
AddModule mod_speedycgi.c
Apache Configuration
Once mod_speedycgi is installed, it has to be configured to be used for your perl scripts. There are two methods.
Warning! The instructions below may compromise the security of your web site. The security risks associated with SpeedyCGI are similar to those of regular CGI. If you don't understand the security implications of the changes below then don't make them.
Alias /speedy/ /home/httpd/cgi-bin/
<Location /speedy>
SetHandler speedycgi-script
Options ExecCGI
allow from all
</Location>
2. File Extension Configuration
This will make SpeedyCGI handle all files with a certain extension,
similar to the way .cgi files work. Add the following lines near the
top of your httpd.conf file - this will set up the file extension
".speedy" to be handled by SpeedyCGI.
AddHandler speedycgi-script .speedy
<Location />
Options ExecCGI
</Location>
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
How does the speedy front end connect to the back end process?
Via a Unix socket in /tmp. A queue is kept in a shared file in /tmp
that holds an entry for each process. In that queue are the pids of
the perl processes waiting for connections. The frontend pulls a
process out of this queue, connects to its socket, sends over the
environment and argv, and then uses this socket for stdin/stdout to
the perl process.
If another request comes in while SpeedyCGI script is running, does the client have to wait or is another process started? Is there a way to set a limit on how many processes get started?
If another request comes while all the perl processes are busy, then
another perl process is started. Just like in regular perl there is
normally no limit on how many processes get started. But, the
processes are only started when the load is so high that they're
necessary. If the load goes down, the processes will die off due to
inactivity, unless you disable the timeout.
Starting in version 1.8.3 an option was added to limit the number of
perl backends running. See MaxBackends in the section on "Options
Available" above.
How much of perl's state is kept when speedy starts another request? Do globals keep their values? Are destructors run after the request?
Globals keep their values. Nothing is destroyed after the request.
STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR are closed -- other files are not. `%ENV' and
`@ARGV' are the only globals changed between requests.
How can I make sure speedy restarts when I edit a perl library used by the CGI?
Do a touch on the main cgi file that is executed. The mtime on the
main file is checked each time the front-end runs.
Do I need to be root to install and/or run SpeedyCGI?
No, root is not required.
How can I determine if my perl app needs to be changed to work with speedy? Or is there no modification necessary?
You may have to make modifications.
Globals retain their values between runs, which can be good for
keeping persistent database handles for example, or bad if your code
assumes they're undefined.
Also, if you create global variables with "my", you shouldn't try to
reference those variables from within a subroutine - you should pass
them into the subroutine instead. Or better yet just declare global
variables with "use vars" instead of "my" to avoid the problem
altogether.
Here's a good explanation of the problem - it's for mod_perl, but
the same thing applies to speedycgi:
http://perl.apache.org/docs/general/perl_reference/perl_reference.html#my___Scoped_Variable_in_Nested_Subroutines
If all else fails you can disable persistence by setting MaxRuns to
1. The only benefit of this over normal perl is that speedy will
pre-compile your script.
How do I keep a persistent connection to a database?
Since globals retain their values between runs, the best way to do
this is to store the connection in a global variable, then check on
each run to see if that variable is already defined.
For example, if your code has an "open_db_connection" subroutine
that returns a database connection handle, you can use the code
below to keep a persistent connection:
use vars qw($dbh);
unless (defined($dbh)) {
$dbh = &open_db_connection;
}
This code will store a persistent database connection handle in the
global variable "$dbh" and only initialize it the first time the
code is run. During subsequent runs, the existing connection is re-
used.
You may also want to check the connection each time before using it,
in case it is not working for some reason. So, assuming you have a
subroutine named "db_connection_ok" that returns true if the db
connection is working, you can use code like this:
use vars qw($dbh);
unless (defined($dbh) && &db_connection_ok($dbh)) {
$dbh = &open_db_connection;
}
Why do scripts with persistent Oracle database connections hang?
When using an IPC connection to Oracle, an oracle process is fork'ed
and exec'ed and keeps the stdout connection open, so that the web
server never gets an EOF. To fix the problem, either switch to using
a TCP connection to the database, or add the following perl code
somewhere before the DBI->connect statement:
use Fcntl;
fcntl(STDOUT, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
This will set the close-on-exec flag on standard out so it is closed
when oracle is exec'ed.
USING GROUPS
The group feature in SpeedyCGI can be used to help reduce the amount of memory used by the perl interpreters. By default groups are not used (group name is "none"), and each perl script is given its own set of perl interpreters. Each perl interpreter is also a separate system process.
When grouping is used, perl interpreters and perl scripts are put in a group. All perl interpreters in a group can run perl scripts in the same group. What this means is that by putting all your scripts into one group, there could be one perl interpreter running all the perl scripts on your system. This can greatly reduce your memory needs when running lots of different perl scripts.
SpeedyCGI group names are entities unto themselves. They are not associated with Unix groups, or with the Group directive in Apache. Expect for the two special group names "none" and "default", all group names are created by the user of SpeedyCGI using the Group option described in the section on "OPTIONS"
If you want the maximum amount of grouping possible then you should run all scripts with the group option set to "default". This the group name used if you just specify "-g" on the command line without an explicit group name. When you do this, you will get the fewest number of perl interpreters possible - any perl interpreter will be able to run any of your perl scripts.
Although using group "default" for all scripts results in the most efficient use of resources, it's not always possible or desirable to do this. You may want to use other group names for the following reasons:
In other cases, scripts may make changes to included packages, etc,
that may break other scripts running in the same interpreter. In
this case such scripts can be given their own group name (like
"pariah") to keep them away from scripts they are incompatible with.
The rest of your scripts can then run out of group "default". This
will ensure that the "pariah" scripts won't run within the same
interpreter as the other scripts.
For example, you may have an email application that contains ten
perl scripts, and since the common perl code used in this
application has a bad memory leak, you want to use a MaxRuns setting
of 5 for all of these scripts. You want to run all your other
scripts with a normal MaxRuns setting. To accomplish this you can
edit the ten email application scripts, and at the top use the line:
#!/usr/bin/speedy -- -gmail -r5
In the rest of your perl scripts you can use:
#!/usr/bin/speedy -- -g
What this will do is put the ten email scripts into a group of their
own (named "mail") and give them all the default MaxRuns value of 5.
All other scripts will be put into the group named "default", and
this group will have a normal MaxRuns setting.
DOWNLOADING
Binaries
Binaries for many OSes can be found at:
http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/download.html
Source Code
The standard source code distribution can be retrieved from any CPAN mirror or from:
http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/download.html
http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-authors/id/H/HO/HORROCKS/
The latest development code can be obtained from the SourceForge CVS repository using the following commands:
cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.SpeedyCGI.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/speedycgi login
cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.SpeedyCGI.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/speedycgi co 2.x
Press Enter when prompted for a password.
AUTHOR
Sam Horrocks
http://daemoninc.com
sam@daemoninc.com
Contributors
A lot of people have helped out with code, patches, ideas, resources, etc. I'm sure I'm missing someone here - if so, please drop me an email.
SEE ALSO
perl(1), httpd(8), apxs(8).
MORE INFORMATION
SpeedyCGI Home Page
http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/
Mailing List
Bugs and Todo List
Please report any bugs or requests for changes to the mailing list.
The current bugs / todo list can be found at http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/speedycgi/. Go to the Bug Tracking menu and select the group "bug" for bugs, or the group "rfe" for the todo list.
Japanese Translation
http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/perltips/CGI/SpeedyCGI.htm
Benchmarks
http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/benchmarks/
Success Stories
http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/success_stories/
Revision History
http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/CGI-SpeedyCGI/Changes
YAPC 2001 Presentation
I gave an Introduction to SpeedyCGI talk at YAPC 2001. It can be found at http://daemoninc.com/SpeedyCGI/yapc_2001/
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2003 Sam Horrocks
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
This product includes software developed by the Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).