Crypt::Util - A lightweight Crypt/Digest convenience API

	use Crypt::Util; # also has a Sub::Exporter to return functions wrapping a default instance

	my $util = Crypt::Util->new;

	$util->default_key("my secret");

	# MAC or cipher+digest based tamper resistent encapsulation
	# (uses Storable on $data if necessary)
	my $tamper_resistent_string = $util->tamper_proof( $data );

	my $verified = $util->thaw_tamper_proof( $untrusted_string, key => "another secret" );

	# If the encoding is unspecified, base32 is used
	# (hex if base32 is unavailable)
	my $encoded = $util->encode_string( $bytes );

	my $hash = $util->digest( $bytes, digest => "md5" );

	die "baaaad" unless $util->verify_hash(
		hash   => $hash,
		data   => $bytes,
		digest => "md5",
	);

This module provides an easy, intuitive and forgiving API for wielding crypto-fu.

The API is designed as a cascade, with rich features built using simpler ones. this means that the option processing is uniform throughout, and the behaviors are generally predictable.

Note that Crypt::Util doesn't do any crypto on its own, but delegates the actual work to the various other crypto modules on the CPAN. Crypt::Util merely wraps these modules, providing uniform parameters, and building on top of their polymorphism with higher level features.

Ease of use

This module is designed to have an easy API to allow easy but responsible use of the more low level Crypt:: and Digest:: modules on CPAN. Therefore, patches to improve ease-of-use are very welcome.

Pluggability

Dependency hell is avoided using a fallback mechanism that tries to choose an algorithm based on an overridable list.

For "simple" use install Crypt::Util and your favourite digest, cipher and cipher mode (CBC, CFB, etc).

To ensure predictable behavior the fallback behavior can be disabled as necessary.

To ensure that your hashes and strings are compatible with Crypt::Util deployments on other machines (where different Crypt/Digest modules are available, etc) you should use disable_fallback.

Then either set the default ciphers, or always explicitly state the cipher.

If you are only encrypting and decrypting with the same installation, and new cryptographic modules are not being installed, the hashes/ciphertexts should be compatible without disabling fallback.

NOTE: nothing is exported by default.

Crypt::Util also presents an optional exported api using Sub::Exporter.

Unlike typical exported APIs, there is no class level default instance shared by all the importers, but instead every importer gets its own instance.

For example:

    package A;
    use Crypt::Util qw/:all/;

    default_key("moose");
    my $ciphertext = encrypt_string($plain);




    package B;
    use Crypt::Util qw/:all/;

    default_key("elk");
    my $ciphertext = encrypt_string($plain);

In this example every importing package has its own implicit instance, and the default_key function will in fact not share the value.

You can get the instance using the exported_instance function, which is just the identity method.

The export tags supported are: crypt (encryption and tamper proofing related functions), digest (digest and MAC related functions), encoding (various encoding and decoding functions), and params which give you functions for handling default values.

tamper_proof( [ $data ], %params )

thaw_tamper_proof( [ $string ], %params )

tamper_proof_string( $string, %params )

thaw_tamper_proof_string( $string, %params )

aead_tamper_proof_string( [ $string ], %params )

mac_tamper_proof_string( [ $string ], %params )

The tamper_proof method is in an intermittent state, in that the data parameter's API is not completely finalized.

It is safer to use tamper_proof_string; its API is expected to remain the same in future versions as well.

See TODO for more information about the data types that will be supported in the future.

When thawing, the authenticated_decrypt_string or verify_mac methods will be used, with fatal defaulting to on unless explicitly disabled in the parameters.

This method accepts the following parameters:

* encrypt

By default this parameter is true, unless default_tamper_proof_unencrypted(), has been enabled.

A true value implies that all the parameters which are available to authenticated_encrypt_string() are also available. If a negative value is specified, MAC mode is used, and the additional parameters of mac_digest_string() may also be specified to this method.

* data

The data to encrypt. If this is a reference Storable will be used to serialize the data.

See pack_data for details.

If the string is encrypted then all the parameters of encrypt_string and digest_string are also available.

If the string is not encrypted, then all the parameters of mac_digest_string are also available.

encrypt_string( [ $string ], %params )

decrypt_string( [ $string ], %params )

authenticated_encrypt_string( [ $string ], %params )

authenticated_decrypt_string( [ $string ], %params )

All of the parameters which may be supplied to process_key(), cipher_object and maybe_encode are also available to these methods.

The authenticated variants ensure that an authenticated encryption mode (such as EAX) is used.

The following parameters may be used:

* string

The string to be en/decrypted can either be supplied first, creating an odd number of arguments, or as a named parameter.

* nonce

The cryptographic nonce to use. Only necessary for encryption, will be packed in the string as part of the message if applicable.

* header

Not yet supported.

In the future this will include a header for AEAD (the "associated data" bit of AEAD).

process_key( [ $key ], %params )

The following arguments may be specified:

* literal_key

This disables mungung. See also default_use_literal_key.

* key_size

Can be used to force a key size, even if the cipher specifies another size.

If not specified, the key size chosen will depend

* cipher

Used to determine the key size.

process_nonce( [ $nonce ], %params )

If a nonce is explicitly specified this method returns that, and otherwise uses Data::GUID to generate a unique binary string for use as a nonce/IV.

pack_data( [ $data ], %params )

unpack_data( [ $data ], %params )

Uses Storable and pack to create a string out of data.

MooseX::Storage support will be added in the future.

The format itself is versioned in order to facilitate future proofing and backwards compatibility.

Note that it is not safe to call unpack_data on an untrusted string, use thaw_tamper_proof instead (it will authenticate the data and only then perform the potentially unsafe routines).

cipher_object( %params )

Available parameters are:

* cipher

The cipher algorithm to use, e.g. Rijndael, Twofish etc.

* mode

The mode of operation. This can be real (cbc, cfb, ctr, ofb, eax) or symbolic (authenticated, block, stream).

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation for an explanation of this.

cipher_object_eax( %params )

Used by cipher_object but accepts additional parameters:

* nonce

The nonce is a value that should be unique in order to protect against replay attacks. It also ensures that the same plain text with the same key will produce different ciphertexts.

The nonce is not included in the output ciphertext. See authenticated_encrypt_string for a convenience method that does include the nonce.

* header

This is additional data to authenticate but not encrypt.

See Crypt::EAX for more details.

The header will not be included in the output ciphertext.

digest_string( [ $string ], %params )

Delegates to digest_object. All parameters which can be used by digest_object may also be used here.

The following arguments are available:

* string

The string to be digested can either be supplied first, creating an odd number of arguments, or as a named parameter.

verify_digest( %params )

Delegates to digest_object. All parameters which can be used by digest_object may also be used here.

The following parameters are accepted:

* hash

A string containing the hash to verify.

* string

The digested string.

* fatal

If true, errors will be fatal. The default is false, which means that failures will return undef.

In addition, the parameters which can be supplied to digest_string() may also be supplied to this method.

digest_object( %params )

* digest

The digest algorithm to use.

Returns an object using Digest.

encode_string( [ $string ], %params )

decode_string( [ $string ], %params )

The following parameters are accepted:

* encoding

The encoding may be a symbolic type (uri, printable) or a concrete type (none, hex, base64, base32).

mac_digest_string( [ $string ], %param )

Delegates to mac_object. All parameters which can be used by mac_object may also be used here.

* string

verify_mac( %params )

Delegates to mac_object. All parameters which can be used by mac_object may also be used here.

The following additional arguments are allowed:

* hash

The MAC string to verify.

* string

The digested string.

* fatal

If true, errors will be fatal. The default is false, which means that failures will return undef.

mac_object( %params )

* mac

The MAC algorithm to use. Currently hmac and cmac are supported.

maybe_encode

maybe_decode

This method has no external API but is documented for the sake of its shared options.

It is delegated to by the various encryption and digest method.

* encode

Expects a bool.

* encoding

Expects an algorithm name (symbolic (e.g. uri, alphanumeric), or concrete (e.g. base64, hex)).

If encode is explicitly supplied it will always determine whether or not the string will be encoded. Otherwise, if encoding is explicitly supplied then the string will always be encoded using the specified algorithm. If neither is supplied default_encode will be checked to determine whether or not to encode, and default_encoding or fallback_encoding will be used to determine the algorithm to use (see HANDLING OF DEFAULT VALUES).

encode_string_alphanumerical( $string )

decode_string_alphanumerical( $string )

encode_string_uri( $string )

decode_string_uri( $string )

encode_string_printable( $string )

decode_string_printable( $string )

The above methods encode based on a fallback list (see HANDLING OF DEFAULT VALUES).

The variations denote types of formats: alphanumerical is letters and numbers only (case insensitive), uri is safe for inclusions in URIs (without further escaping), and printable contains no control characters or whitespace.

encode_string_hex( $string )

decode_string_hex( $string )

Big endian hexadecimal (H* pack format).

encode_string_uri_escape( $string )

decode_string_uri_escape( $string )

URI::Escape based encoding.

encode_string_base64( $string )

decode_string_base64( $string )

encode_string_base64_wrapped( $string )

Requires MIME::Base64.

The wrapped variant will introduce line breaks as per the MIME::Base64 default>.

encode_string_uri_base64

decode_string_uri_base64

Requires MIME::Base64.

Implements the Base64 for URIs. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64#URL_Applications.

encode_string_base32( $string )

decode_string_base32( $string )

Requires MIME::Base32.

(note- unlike MIME::Base32 this is case insensitive).

disable_fallback()

When true only the first item from the fallback list will be tried, and if it can't be loaded there will be a fatal error.

Enable this to ensure portability.

For every parameter, there are several methods, where PARAMETER is replaced with the parameter name:

* default_PARAMETER()

This accessor is available for the user to override the default value.

If set to undef, then fallback_PARAMETER will be consulted instead.

ALL the default values are set to undef unless changed by the user.

* fallback_PARAMETER()

Iterates the fallback_PARAMETER_list, choosing the first value that is usable (it's provider is available).

If disable_fallback is set to a true value, then only the first value in the fallback list will be tried.

* fallback_PARAMETER_list()

An ordered list of values to try and use as fallbacks.

fallback_PARAMETER iterates this list and chooses the first one that works.

Available parameters are as follows:

* cipher

The fallback list is Rijndael, Serpent, Twofish, RC6, Blowfish and RC5.

Crypt::Rijndael is the AES winner, the next three are AES finalists, and the last two are well known and widely used.

* mode

The mode in which to use the cipher.

The fallback list is CFB, CBC, Ctr, and OFB.

digest

The fallback list is SHA-1, SHA-256, RIPEMD160, Whirlpool, MD5, and Haval256.

* encoding

The fallback list is hex (effectively no fallback).

alphanumerical_encoding

The fallback list is base32 and hex.

MIME::Base32 is required for base32 encoding.

* uri_encoding

The fallback list is uri_base64.

* printable_encoding

The fallback list is base64

The following parameters have a default_ method, as described in the previous section, but the fallback_ methods are not applicable.

* encode

Whether or not to encode by default (applies to digests and encryptions).

* key

The key to use. Useful for when you are repeatedly encrypting.

* nonce

The nonce/IV to use for cipher modes that require it.

Defaults to the empty string, but note that some methods will generate a nonce for you (e.g. authenticated_encrypt_string) if none was provided.

* use_literal_key

Whether or not to not hash the key by default. See process_key.

* tamper_proof_unencrypted

Whether or not tamper resistent strings are by default unencrypted (just MAC).

You may safely subclass and override default_PARAMETER and fallback_PARAMETER_list to provide values from configurations.

• Crypt::SaltedHash support
• EMAC (maybe, the modules are not OO and require refactoring) message authentication mode
• Bruce Schneier Fact Database http://geekz.co.uk/lovesraymond/archive/bruce-schneier-facts.
  
  WWW::SchneierFacts
• Entropy fetching (get N weak/strong bytes, etc) from e.g. OpenSSL bindings, /dev/*random, and EGD.
• Additional data formats (streams/iterators, filehandles, generalized storable data/string handling for all methods, not just tamper_proof).
  
  Streams should also be able to used via a simple push api.
• IV/nonce/salt support for the various cipher modes, not just EAX (CBC, CCM, GCM, etc)
• Crypt::Rijndael can do its own cipher modes

Digest, Crypt::CBC, Crypt::CFB, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation.

This module is maintained using Darcs. You can get the latest version from http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/Crypt-Util/, and use darcs send to commit changes.

Yuval Kogman, <nothingmuch@woobling.org> Ann Barcomb

Copyright 2006-2008 by Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>, Ann Barcomb

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.