Code Index:

package HTML::Entities
EOF

NAME

HTML::Entities - Encode or decode strings with HTML entities

SYNOPSIS

 use HTML::Entities;

 $a = "V&aring;re norske tegn b&oslash;r &#230res";
 decode_entities($a);
 encode_entities($a, "\200-\377");

For example, this:

 $input = "vis-à-vis Beyoncé's naïve\npapier-mâché résumé";
 print encode_entities($input), "\n"

Prints this out:

 vis-&agrave;-vis Beyonc&eacute;'s na&iuml;ve
 papier-m&acirc;ch&eacute; r&eacute;sum&eacute;

DESCRIPTION

This module deals with encoding and decoding of strings with HTML character entities. The module provides the following functions:

decode_entities( $string, ... )

This routine replaces HTML entities found in the $string with the corresponding Unicode character. Under perl 5.6 and earlier only characters in the Latin-1 range are replaced. Unrecognized entities are left alone.

If multiple strings are provided as argument they are each decoded separately and the same number of strings are returned.

If called in void context the arguments are decoded in-place.

This routine is exported by default.

_decode_entities( $string, \%entity2char )

_decode_entities( $string, \%entity2char, $expand_prefix )

This will in-place replace HTML entities in $string. The %entity2char hash must be provided. Named entities not found in the %entity2char hash are left alone. Numeric entities are expanded unless their value overflow.

The keys in %entity2char are the entity names to be expanded and their values are what they should expand into. The values do not have to be single character strings. If a key has ";" as suffix, then occurrences in $string are only expanded if properly terminated with ";". Entities without ";" will be expanded regardless of how they are terminated for compatibility with how common browsers treat entities in the Latin-1 range.

If $expand_prefix is TRUE then entities without trailing ";" in %entity2char will even be expanded as a prefix of a longer unrecognized name. The longest matching name in %entity2char will be used. This is mainly present for compatibility with an MSIE misfeature.

   $string = "foo&nbspbar";
   _decode_entities($string, { nb => "@", nbsp => "\xA0" }, 1);
   print $string;  # will print "foo bar"

This routine is exported by default.

encode_entities( $string )

encode_entities( $string, $unsafe_chars )

This routine replaces unsafe characters in $string with their entity representation. A second argument can be given to specify which characters to consider unsafe. The unsafe characters is specified using the regular expression character class syntax (what you find within brackets in regular expressions).

The default set of characters to encode are control chars, high-bit chars, and the <, &, >, ' and " characters. But this, for example, would encode just the <, &, >, and " characters:

  $encoded = encode_entities($input, '<>&"');

and this would only encode non-plain ascii:

  $encoded = encode_entities($input, '^\n\x20-\x25\x27-\x7e');

This routine is exported by default.

encode_entities_numeric( $string )

encode_entities_numeric( $string, $unsafe_chars )

This routine works just like encode_entities, except that the replacement entities are always &#xhexnum; and never &entname;. For example, encode_entities("r\xF4le") returns "rôle", but encode_entities_numeric("r\xF4le") returns "rôle".

This routine is not exported by default. But you can always export it with use HTML::Entities qw(encode_entities_numeric); or even use HTML::Entities qw(:DEFAULT encode_entities_numeric);

All these routines modify the string passed as the first argument, if called in a void context. In scalar and array contexts, the encoded or decoded string is returned (without changing the input string).

If you prefer not to import these routines into your namespace, you can call them as:

  use HTML::Entities ();
  $decoded = HTML::Entities::decode($a);
  $encoded = HTML::Entities::encode($a);
  $encoded = HTML::Entities::encode_numeric($a);

The module can also export the %char2entity and the %entity2char hashes, which contain the mapping from all characters to the corresponding entities (and vice versa, respectively).

COPYRIGHT

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

package HTML::Entities;

use strict; use vars qw(@ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK $VERSION); use vars qw(%entity2char %char2entity); require 5.004; require Exporter; @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT = qw(encode_entities decode_entities _decode_entities); @EXPORT_OK = qw(%entity2char %char2entity encode_entities_numeric); $VERSION = "3.68"; sub Version { $VERSION; } require HTML::Parser; # for fast XS implemented decode_entities %entity2char = ( # Some normal chars that have special meaning in SGML context amp => '&', # ampersand 'gt' => '>', # greater than 'lt' => '<', # less than quot => '"', # double quote apos => "'", # single quote # PUBLIC ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN//HTML AElig => chr(198), # capital AE diphthong (ligature) Aacute => chr(193), # capital A, acute accent Acirc => chr(194), # capital A, circumflex accent Agrave => chr(192), # capital A, grave accent Aring => chr(197), # capital A, ring Atilde => chr(195), # capital A, tilde Auml => chr(196), # capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark Ccedil => chr(199), # capital C, cedilla ETH => chr(208), # capital Eth, Icelandic Eacute => chr(201), # capital E, acute accent Ecirc => chr(202), # capital E, circumflex accent Egrave => chr(200), # capital E, grave accent Euml => chr(203), # capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark Iacute => chr(205), # capital I, acute accent Icirc => chr(206), # capital I, circumflex accent Igrave => chr(204), # capital I, grave accent Iuml => chr(207), # capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark Ntilde => chr(209), # capital N, tilde Oacute => chr(211), # capital O, acute accent Ocirc => chr(212), # capital O, circumflex accent Ograve => chr(210), # capital O, grave accent Oslash => chr(216), # capital O, slash Otilde => chr(213), # capital O, tilde Ouml => chr(214), # capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark THORN => chr(222), # capital THORN, Icelandic Uacute => chr(218), # capital U, acute accent Ucirc => chr(219), # capital U, circumflex accent Ugrave => chr(217), # capital U, grave accent Uuml => chr(220), # capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark Yacute => chr(221), # capital Y, acute accent aacute => chr(225), # small a, acute accent acirc => chr(226), # small a, circumflex accent aelig => chr(230), # small ae diphthong (ligature) agrave => chr(224), # small a, grave accent aring => chr(229), # small a, ring atilde => chr(227), # small a, tilde auml => chr(228), # small a, dieresis or umlaut mark ccedil => chr(231), # small c, cedilla eacute => chr(233), # small e, acute accent ecirc => chr(234), # small e, circumflex accent egrave => chr(232), # small e, grave accent eth => chr(240), # small eth, Icelandic euml => chr(235), # small e, dieresis or umlaut mark iacute => chr(237), # small i, acute accent icirc => chr(238), # small i, circumflex accent igrave => chr(236), # small i, grave accent iuml => chr(239), # small i, dieresis or umlaut mark ntilde => chr(241), # small n, tilde oacute => chr(243), # small o, acute accent ocirc => chr(244), # small o, circumflex accent ograve => chr(242), # small o, grave accent oslash => chr(248), # small o, slash otilde => chr(245), # small o, tilde ouml => chr(246), # small o, dieresis or umlaut mark szlig => chr(223), # small sharp s, German (sz ligature) thorn => chr(254), # small thorn, Icelandic uacute => chr(250), # small u, acute accent ucirc => chr(251), # small u, circumflex accent ugrave => chr(249), # small u, grave accent uuml => chr(252), # small u, dieresis or umlaut mark yacute => chr(253), # small y, acute accent yuml => chr(255), # small y, dieresis or umlaut mark # Some extra Latin 1 chars that are listed in the HTML3.2 draft (21-May-96) copy => chr(169), # copyright sign reg => chr(174), # registered sign nbsp => chr(160), # non breaking space # Additional ISO-8859/1 entities listed in rfc1866 (section 14) iexcl => chr(161), cent => chr(162), pound => chr(163), curren => chr(164), yen => chr(165), brvbar => chr(166), sect => chr(167), uml => chr(168), ordf => chr(170), laquo => chr(171), 'not' => chr(172), # not is a keyword in perl shy => chr(173), macr => chr(175), deg => chr(176), plusmn => chr(177), sup1 => chr(185), sup2 => chr(178), sup3 => chr(179), acute => chr(180), micro => chr(181), para => chr(182), middot => chr(183), cedil => chr(184), ordm => chr(186), raquo => chr(187), frac14 => chr(188), frac12 => chr(189), frac34 => chr(190), iquest => chr(191), 'times' => chr(215), # times is a keyword in perl divide => chr(247), ( $] > 5.007 ? ( 'OElig;' => chr(338), 'oelig;' => chr(339), 'Scaron;' => chr(352), 'scaron;' => chr(353), 'Yuml;' => chr(376), 'fnof;' => chr(402), 'circ;' => chr(710), 'tilde;' => chr(732), 'Alpha;' => chr(913), 'Beta;' => chr(914), 'Gamma;' => chr(915), 'Delta;' => chr(916), 'Epsilon;' => chr(917), 'Zeta;' => chr(918), 'Eta;' => chr(919), 'Theta;' => chr(920), 'Iota;' => chr(921), 'Kappa;' => chr(922), 'Lambda;' => chr(923), 'Mu;' => chr(924), 'Nu;' => chr(925), 'Xi;' => chr(926), 'Omicron;' => chr(927), 'Pi;' => chr(928), 'Rho;' => chr(929), 'Sigma;' => chr(931), 'Tau;' => chr(932), 'Upsilon;' => chr(933), 'Phi;' => chr(934), 'Chi;' => chr(935), 'Psi;' => chr(936), 'Omega;' => chr(937), 'alpha;' => chr(945), 'beta;' => chr(946), 'gamma;' => chr(947), 'delta;' => chr(948), 'epsilon;' => chr(949), 'zeta;' => chr(950), 'eta;' => chr(951), 'theta;' => chr(952), 'iota;' => chr(953), 'kappa;' => chr(954), 'lambda;' => chr(955), 'mu;' => chr(956), 'nu;' => chr(957), 'xi;' => chr(958), 'omicron;' => chr(959), 'pi;' => chr(960), 'rho;' => chr(961), 'sigmaf;' => chr(962), 'sigma;' => chr(963), 'tau;' => chr(964), 'upsilon;' => chr(965), 'phi;' => chr(966), 'chi;' => chr(967), 'psi;' => chr(968), 'omega;' => chr(969), 'thetasym;' => chr(977), 'upsih;' => chr(978), 'piv;' => chr(982), 'ensp;' => chr(8194), 'emsp;' => chr(8195), 'thinsp;' => chr(8201), 'zwnj;' => chr(8204), 'zwj;' => chr(8205), 'lrm;' => chr(8206), 'rlm;' => chr(8207), 'ndash;' => chr(8211), 'mdash;' => chr(8212), 'lsquo;' => chr(8216), 'rsquo;' => chr(8217), 'sbquo;' => chr(8218), 'ldquo;' => chr(8220), 'rdquo;' => chr(8221), 'bdquo;' => chr(8222), 'dagger;' => chr(8224), 'Dagger;' => chr(8225), 'bull;' => chr(8226), 'hellip;' => chr(8230), 'permil;' => chr(8240), 'prime;' => chr(8242), 'Prime;' => chr(8243), 'lsaquo;' => chr(8249), 'rsaquo;' => chr(8250), 'oline;' => chr(8254), 'frasl;' => chr(8260), 'euro;' => chr(8364), 'image;' => chr(8465), 'weierp;' => chr(8472), 'real;' => chr(8476), 'trade;' => chr(8482), 'alefsym;' => chr(8501), 'larr;' => chr(8592), 'uarr;' => chr(8593), 'rarr;' => chr(8594), 'darr;' => chr(8595), 'harr;' => chr(8596), 'crarr;' => chr(8629), 'lArr;' => chr(8656), 'uArr;' => chr(8657), 'rArr;' => chr(8658), 'dArr;' => chr(8659), 'hArr;' => chr(8660), 'forall;' => chr(8704), 'part;' => chr(8706), 'exist;' => chr(8707), 'empty;' => chr(8709), 'nabla;' => chr(8711), 'isin;' => chr(8712), 'notin;' => chr(8713), 'ni;' => chr(8715), 'prod;' => chr(8719), 'sum;' => chr(8721), 'minus;' => chr(8722), 'lowast;' => chr(8727), 'radic;' => chr(8730), 'prop;' => chr(8733), 'infin;' => chr(8734), 'ang;' => chr(8736), 'and;' => chr(8743), 'or;' => chr(8744), 'cap;' => chr(8745), 'cup;' => chr(8746), 'int;' => chr(8747), 'there4;' => chr(8756), 'sim;' => chr(8764), 'cong;' => chr(8773), 'asymp;' => chr(8776), 'ne;' => chr(8800), 'equiv;' => chr(8801), 'le;' => chr(8804), 'ge;' => chr(8805), 'sub;' => chr(8834), 'sup;' => chr(8835), 'nsub;' => chr(8836), 'sube;' => chr(8838), 'supe;' => chr(8839), 'oplus;' => chr(8853), 'otimes;' => chr(8855), 'perp;' => chr(8869), 'sdot;' => chr(8901), 'lceil;' => chr(8968), 'rceil;' => chr(8969), 'lfloor;' => chr(8970), 'rfloor;' => chr(8971), 'lang;' => chr(9001), 'rang;' => chr(9002), 'loz;' => chr(9674), 'spades;' => chr(9824), 'clubs;' => chr(9827), 'hearts;' => chr(9829), 'diams;' => chr(9830), ) : ()) ); # Make the opposite mapping while (my($entity, $char) = each(%entity2char)) { $entity =~ s/;\z//; $char2entity{$char} = "&$entity;"; } delete $char2entity{"'"}; # only one-way decoding # Fill in missing entities for (0 .. 255) { next if exists $char2entity{chr($_)}; $char2entity{chr($_)} = "&#$_;"; } my %subst; # compiled encoding regexps sub encode_entities { return undef unless defined $_[0]; my $ref; if (defined wantarray) { my $x = $_[0]; $ref = \$x; # copy } else { $ref = \$_[0]; # modify in-place } if (defined $_[1] and length $_[1]) { unless (exists $subst{$_[1]}) { # Because we can't compile regex we fake it with a cached sub my $chars = $_[1]; $chars =~ s,(?<!\\)([]/]),\\$1,g; $chars =~ s,(?<!\\)\\\z,\\\\,; my $code = "sub {\$_[0] =~ s/([$chars])/\$char2entity{\$1} || num_entity(\$1)/ge; }"; $subst{$_[1]} = eval $code; die( $@ . " while trying to turn range: \"$_[1]\"\n " . "into code: $code\n " ) if $@; } &{$subst{$_[1]}}($$ref); } else { # Encode control chars, high bit chars and '<', '&', '>', ''' and '"' $$ref =~ s/([^\n\r\t !\#\$%\(-;=?-~])/$char2entity{$1} || num_entity($1)/ge; } $$ref; } sub encode_entities_numeric { local %char2entity; return &encode_entities; # a goto &encode_entities wouldn't work } sub num_entity { sprintf "&#x%X;", ord($_[0]); } # Set up aliases *encode = \&encode_entities; *encode_numeric = \&encode_entities_numeric; *encode_numerically = \&encode_entities_numeric; *decode = \&decode_entities; 1;