IPC::System::Simple - Run commands simply, with detailed diagnostics

  use IPC::System::Simple qw(system systemx capture capturex);

  system("some_command");        # Command succeeds or dies!

  system("some_command",@args);  # Succeeds or dies, avoids shell if @args

  systemx("some_command",@args); # Succeeds or dies, NEVER uses the shell




  # Capture the output of a command (just like backticks). Dies on error.
  my $output = capture("some_command");

  # Just like backticks in list context.  Dies on error.
  my @output = capture("some_command");

  # As above, but avoids the shell if @args is non-empty
  my $output = capture("some_command", @args);

  # As above, but NEVER invokes the shell.
  my $output = capturex("some_command", @args);
  my @output = capturex("some_command", @args);

Calling Perl's in-built system() function is easy, determining if it was successful is hard. Let's face it, $? isn't the nicest variable in the world to play with, and even if you do check it, producing a well-formatted error string takes a lot of work.

IPC::System::Simple takes the hard work out of calling external commands. In fact, if you want to be really lazy, you can just write:

    use IPC::System::Simple qw(system);

and all of your system commands will either succeeed (run to completion and return a zero exit value), or die with rich diagnostic messages.

The IPC::System::Simple module also provides a simple replacement to Perl's backticks operator. Simply write:

    use IPC::System::Simple qw(capture);

and then use the capture() command just like you'd use backticks. If there's an error, it will die with a detailed description of what went wrong. Better still, you can even use capturex() to run the equivalent of backticks, but without the shell:

    use IPC::System::Simple qw(capturex);

    my $result = capturex($command, @args);

If you want more power than the basic interface, including the ability to specify which exit values are acceptable, trap errors, or process diagnostics, then read on!

  use IPC::System::Simple qw(
    capture capturex system systemx run runx $EXITVAL EXIT_ANY
  );

  # Run a command, throwing exception on failure

  run("some_command");

  runx("some_command",@args);  # Run a command, avoiding the shell

  # Do the same thing, but with the drop-in system replacement.

  system("some_command");

  systemx("some_command", @args);

  # Run a command which must return 0..5, avoid the shell, and get the
  # exit value (we could also look at $EXITVAL)

  my $exit_value = runx([0..5], "some_command", @args);

  # The same, but any exit value will do.

  my $exit_value = runx(EXIT_ANY, "some_command", @args);

  # Capture output into $result and throw exception on failure

  my $result = capture("some_command");	

  # Check exit value from captured command

  print "some_command exited with status $EXITVAL\n";

  # Captures into @lines, splitting on $/
  my @lines = capture("some_command"); 

  # Run a command which must return 0..5, capture the output into
  # @lines, and avoid the shell.

  my @lines  = capturex([0..5], "some_command", @args);

IPC::System::Simple provides a subroutine called run, that executes a command using the same semantics is Perl's built-in system:

    use IPC::System::Simple qw(run);

    run("cat *.txt");           # Execute command via the shell
    run("cat","/etc/motd");     # Execute command without shell

The primary difference between Perl's in-built system and the run command is that run will throw an exception on failure, and allows a list of acceptable exit values to be set. See Exit values for further information.

In fact, you can even have IPC::System::Simple replace the default system function for your package so it has the same behaviour:

    use IPC::System::Simple qw(system);

    system("cat *.txt");  # system now suceeds or dies!

system and run are aliases to each other.

See also runx(), systemx() and capturex() for variants of system() and run() that never invoke the shell, even with a single argument.

A second subroutine, named capture executes a command with the same semantics as Perl's built-in backticks (and qx()):

    use IPC::System::Simple qw(capture);

    # Capture text while invoking the shell.
    my $file  = capture("cat /etc/motd");
    my @lines = capture("cat /etc/passwd");

However unlike regular backticks, which always use the shell, capture will bypass the shell when called with multiple arguments:

    # Capture text while avoiding the shell.
    my $file  = capture("cat", "/etc/motd");
    my @lines = capture("cat", "/etc/passwd");

See also runx(), systemx() and capturex() for a variant of capture() that never invokes the shell, even with a single argument.

The runx(), systemx() and capturex() commands are identical to the multi-argument forms of run(), system() and capture() respectively, but never invoke the shell, even when called with a single argument. These forms are particularly useful when a command's argument list might be empty, for example:

    systemx($cmd, @args);

The use of systemx() here guarantees that the shell will never be invoked, even if @args is empty.

In the case where the command returns an unexpected status, both run and capture will throw an exception, which if not caught will terminate your program with an error.

Capturing the exception is easy:

    eval {
        run("cat *.txt");
    };

    if ($@) {
        print "Something went wrong - $@\n";
    }

See the diagnostics section below for more details.

IPC::System::Simple considers the following to be unexpected, and worthy of exception:

• Failing to start entirely (eg, command not found, permission denied).
• Returning an exit value other than zero (but see below).
• Being killed by a signal.
• Being passed tainted data (in taint mode).

Traditionally, system commands return a zero status for success and a non-zero status for failure. IPC::System::Simple will default to throwing an exception if a non-zero exit value is returned.

You may specify a range of values which are considered acceptable exit values by passing an array reference as the first argument. The special constant EXIT_ANY can be used to allow any exit value to be returned.

	use IPC::System::Simple qw(run system capture EXIT_ANY);

	run( [0..5], "cat *.txt");             # Exit values 0-5 are OK

	system( [0..5], "cat *.txt");          # This works the same way

	my @lines = capture( EXIT_ANY, "cat *.txt"); # Any exit is fine.

The run and replacement system subroutines returns the exit value of the process:

	my $exit_value = run( [0..5], "cat *.txt");

	# OR:

	my $exit_value = system( [0..5] "cat *.txt");

	print "Program exited with value $exit_value\n";

The exit value of any command exeucted by IPC::System::Simple can always be retrieved from the $IPC::System::Simple::EXITVAL variable:

This is particularly useful when inspecting results from capture, which returns the captured text from the command.

	use IPC::System::Simple qw(capture $EXITVAL EXIT_ANY);

	my @enemies_defeated = capture(EXIT_ANY, "defeat_evil", "/dev/mordor");

	print "Program exited with value $EXITVAL\n";

$EXITVAL will be set to -1 if the command did not exit normally (eg, being terminated by a signal) or did not start. In this situation an exception will also be thrown.

As of IPC::System::Simple v0.06, the run subroutine when called with multiple arguments will make available the full 32-bit exit value on Win32 systems. This is different from the previous versions of IPC::System::Simple and from Perl's in-build system() function, which can only handle 8-bit return values.

The capture subroutine always returns the 32-bit exit value under Windows. The capture subroutine also never uses the shell, even when passed a single argument.

Versions of IPC::System::Simple before v0.09 would not search the PATH environment variable when the multi-argument form of run() was called. Versions from v0.09 onwards correctly search the path provided the command is provided including the extension (eg, notepad.exe rather than just notepad, or gvim.bat rather than just gvim). If no extension is provided, .exe is assumed.

Signals are not supported on Windows systems. Sending a signal to a Windows process will usually cause it to exit with the signal number used.

"%s" failed to start: "%s"

The command specified did not even start. It may not exist, or you may not have permission to use it. The reason it could not start (as determined from $!) will be provided.

"%s" unexpectedly returned exit value %d

The command ran successfully, but returned an exit value we did not expect. The value returned is reported.

"%s" died to signal "%s" (%d) %s

The command was killed by a signal. The name of the signal will be reported, or UNKNOWN if it cannot be determined. The signal number is always reported. If we detected that the process dumped core, then the string and dumped core is appeneded.

IPC::System::Simple::%s called with no arguments

You attempted to call run or capture but did not provide any arguments at all. At the very lease you need to supply a command to run.

IPC::System::Simple::%s called with no command

You called run or capture with a list of acceptable exit values, but no actual command.

IPC::System::Simple::%s called with tainted argument "%s"

You called run or capture with tainted (untrusted) arguments, which is almost certainly a bad idea. To untaint your arguments you'll need to pass your data through a regular expression and use the resulting match variables. See Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data in perlsec for more information.

IPC::System::Simple::%s called with tainted environment $ENV{%s}

You called run or capture but part of your environment was tainted (untrusted). You should either delete the named environment variable before calling run, or set it to an untainted value (usually one set inside your program). See Cleaning Up Your Path in perlsec for more information.

Error in IPC::System::Simple plumbing: "%s" - "%s"

Implementing the capture command involves dark and terrible magicks involving pipes, and one of them has sprung a leak. This could be due to a lack of file descriptors, although there are other possibilities.

If you are able to reproduce this error, you are encouraged to submit a bug report according to the Reporting bugs section below.

Internal error in IPC::System::Simple: "%s"

You've found a bug in IPC::System::Simple. Please check to see if an updated version of IPC::System::Simple is available. If not, please file a bug report according to the Reporting bugs section below.

IPC::System::Simple::%s called with undefined command

You've passed the undefined value as a command to be executed. While this is a very Zen-like action, it's not supported by Perl's current implementation.

This module depends upon Win32::Process when used on Win32 system. Win32::Process is bundled as a core module in ActivePerl 5.6 and above.

There are no non-core dependencies on non-Win32 systems.

Perl provides a range of in-built functions for handling external commands, and CPAN provides even more. The IPC::System::Simple differentiates itself from other options by providing:

Extremely detailed diagnostics

The diagnostics produced by IPC::System::Simple are designed to provide as much information as possible. Rather than requiring the developer to inspect $?, IPC::System::Simple does the hard work for you.

If an odd exit status is provided, you're informed of what it is. If a signal kills your process, you are informed of both its name and number. If tainted data or environment prevents your command from running, you are informed of exactly which datais

Exceptions on failure

IPC::System::Simple takes an agressive approach to error handling. Rather than allow commands to fail silently, exceptions are thrown when unexpected results are seen. This allows for easy development using a try/catch style, and avoids the possibility of accidently continuing after a failed command.

Easy access to exit status

The run, system and capture commands all set $EXITVAL, making it easy to determine the exit status of a command. Additionally, the system and run interfaces return the exit status.

Consistent interfaces

When called with multiple arguments, the run, system and capture interfaces never invoke the shell. This differs from the in-built Perl system command which may invoke the shell under Windows when called with multiple arguments. It differs from the in-built Perl backticks operator which always invokes the shell.

When system is exported, the exotic form system { $cmd } @args is not supported. Attemping to use the exotic form is a syntax error. This affects the calling package only. Use CORE::system if you need it, or consider using the autodie module to replace system with lexical scope.

Core dumps are only checked for when a process dies due to a signal. It is not believed thare exist any systems where processes can dump core without dying to a signal.

WIFSTOPPED status is not checked, as perl never spawns processes with the WUNTRACED option.

Signals are not supported under Win32 systems, since they don't work at all like Unix signals. Win32 singals cause commands to exit with a given exit value, which this modules does capture.

Only 8-bit values are returned when run() or system() is called with a single value under Win32. Multi-argument calls to run() and system(), as well as the runx() and systemx() always return the 32-bit Windows return values.

Before reporting a bug, please check to ensure you are using the most recent version of IPC::System::Simple. Your problem may have already been fixed in a new release.

You can find the IPC::System::Simple bug-tracker at http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=IPC-System-Simple . Please check to see if your bug has already been reported; if in doubt, report yours anyway.

Submitting a patch and/or failing test case will greatly expediate the fixing of bugs.

If you find this module useful, please consider rating it on the CPAN Ratings service at http://cpanratings.perl.org/rate/?distribution=IPC-System-Simple .

The module author loves to hear how IPC::System::Simple has made your life better (or worse). Feedback can be sent to <pjf@perltraining.com.au>.

autodie uses IPC::System::Simple to provide succeed-or-die replacements to system (and other built-ins) with lexical scope.

POSIX, IPC::Run::Simple, perlipc, perlport, IPC::Run, IPC::Run3, Win32::Process

Paul Fenwick <pjf@cpan.org>

Copyright (C) 2006-2008 by Paul Fenwick

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.6.0 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.