sample - Using GetOpt::Long and Pod::Usage

Pod-Parser documentation Contained in the Pod-Parser distribution.

Index

Code Index:

NAME

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Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod documentation

SYNOPSIS

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  use Pod::Usage

  my $message_text  = "This text precedes the usage message.";
  my $exit_status   = 2;          ## The exit status to use
  my $verbose_level = 0;          ## The verbose level to use
  my $filehandle    = \*STDERR;   ## The filehandle to write to

  pod2usage($message_text);

  pod2usage($exit_status);

  pod2usage( { -message => $message_text ,
               -exitval => $exit_status  ,  
               -verbose => $verbose_level,  
               -output  => $filehandle } );

  pod2usage(   -msg     => $message_text ,
               -exitval => $exit_status  ,  
               -verbose => $verbose_level,  
               -output  => $filehandle   );

  pod2usage(   -verbose => 2,
               -noperldoc => 1  )

ARGUMENTS

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pod2usage should be given either a single argument, or a list of arguments corresponding to an associative array (a "hash"). When a single argument is given, it should correspond to exactly one of the following:

If more than one argument is given then the entire argument list is assumed to be a hash. If a hash is supplied (either as a reference or as a list) it should contain one or more elements with the following keys:

-message
-msg

The text of a message to print immediately prior to printing the program's usage message.

-exitval

The desired exit status to pass to the exit() function. This should be an integer, or else the string "NOEXIT" to indicate that control should simply be returned without terminating the invoking process.

-verbose

The desired level of "verboseness" to use when printing the usage message. If the corresponding value is 0, then only the "SYNOPSIS" section of the pod documentation is printed. If the corresponding value is 1, then the "SYNOPSIS" section, along with any section entitled "OPTIONS", "ARGUMENTS", or "OPTIONS AND ARGUMENTS" is printed. If the corresponding value is 2 or more then the entire manpage is printed.

The special verbosity level 99 requires to also specify the -sections parameter; then these sections are extracted (see Pod::Select) and printed.

-sections

A string representing a selection list for sections to be printed when -verbose is set to 99, e.g. "NAME|SYNOPSIS|DESCRIPTION|VERSION".

Alternatively, an array reference of section specifications can be used:

  pod2usage(-verbose => 99, 
            -sections => [ qw(fred fred/subsection) ] );
-output

A reference to a filehandle, or the pathname of a file to which the usage message should be written. The default is \*STDERR unless the exit value is less than 2 (in which case the default is \*STDOUT).

-input

A reference to a filehandle, or the pathname of a file from which the invoking script's pod documentation should be read. It defaults to the file indicated by $0 ($PROGRAM_NAME for users of English.pm).

If you are calling pod2usage() from a module and want to display that module's POD, you can use this:

  use Pod::Find qw(pod_where);
  pod2usage( -input => pod_where({-inc => 1}, __PACKAGE__) );
-pathlist

A list of directory paths. If the input file does not exist, then it will be searched for in the given directory list (in the order the directories appear in the list). It defaults to the list of directories implied by $ENV{PATH}. The list may be specified either by a reference to an array, or by a string of directory paths which use the same path separator as $ENV{PATH} on your system (e.g., : for Unix, ; for MSWin32 and DOS).

-noperldoc

By default, Pod::Usage will call perldoc when -verbose >= 2 is specified. This does not work well e.g. if the script was packed with PAR. The -noperldoc option suppresses the external call to perldoc and uses the simple text formatter (Pod::Text) to output the POD.

DESCRIPTION

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pod2usage will print a usage message for the invoking script (using its embedded pod documentation) and then exit the script with the desired exit status. The usage message printed may have any one of three levels of "verboseness": If the verbose level is 0, then only a synopsis is printed. If the verbose level is 1, then the synopsis is printed along with a description (if present) of the command line options and arguments. If the verbose level is 2, then the entire manual page is printed.

Unless they are explicitly specified, the default values for the exit status, verbose level, and output stream to use are determined as follows:

Although the above may seem a bit confusing at first, it generally does "the right thing" in most situations. This determination of the default values to use is based upon the following typical Unix conventions:

pod2usage doesn't force the above conventions upon you, but it will use them by default if you don't expressly tell it to do otherwise. The ability of pod2usage() to accept a single number or a string makes it convenient to use as an innocent looking error message handling function:

    use Pod::Usage;
    use Getopt::Long;

    ## Parse options
    GetOptions("help", "man", "flag1")  ||  pod2usage(2);
    pod2usage(1)  if ($opt_help);
    pod2usage(-verbose => 2)  if ($opt_man);

    ## Check for too many filenames
    pod2usage("$0: Too many files given.\n")  if (@ARGV > 1);

Some user's however may feel that the above "economy of expression" is not particularly readable nor consistent and may instead choose to do something more like the following:

    use Pod::Usage;
    use Getopt::Long;

    ## Parse options
    GetOptions("help", "man", "flag1")  ||  pod2usage(-verbose => 0);
    pod2usage(-verbose => 1)  if ($opt_help);
    pod2usage(-verbose => 2)  if ($opt_man);

    ## Check for too many filenames
    pod2usage(-verbose => 2, -message => "$0: Too many files given.\n")
        if (@ARGV > 1);

As with all things in Perl, there's more than one way to do it, and pod2usage() adheres to this philosophy. If you are interested in seeing a number of different ways to invoke pod2usage (although by no means exhaustive), please refer to "EXAMPLES".

EXAMPLES

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Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print just the "SYNOPSIS" section to STDERR and will exit with a status of 2:

    pod2usage();

    pod2usage(2);

    pod2usage(-verbose => 0);

    pod2usage(-exitval => 2);

    pod2usage({-exitval => 2, -output => \*STDERR});

    pod2usage({-verbose => 0, -output  => \*STDERR});

    pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -verbose => 0);

    pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -verbose => 0, -output => \*STDERR);

Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print a message of "Syntax error." (followed by a newline) to STDERR, immediately followed by just the "SYNOPSIS" section (also printed to STDERR) and will exit with a status of 2:

    pod2usage("Syntax error.");

    pod2usage(-message => "Syntax error.", -verbose => 0);

    pod2usage(-msg  => "Syntax error.", -exitval => 2);

    pod2usage({-msg => "Syntax error.", -exitval => 2, -output => \*STDERR});

    pod2usage({-msg => "Syntax error.", -verbose => 0, -output => \*STDERR});

    pod2usage(-msg  => "Syntax error.", -exitval => 2, -verbose => 0);

    pod2usage(-message => "Syntax error.",
              -exitval => 2,
              -verbose => 0,
              -output  => \*STDERR);

Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print the "SYNOPSIS" section and any "OPTIONS" and/or "ARGUMENTS" sections to STDOUT and will exit with a status of 1:

    pod2usage(1);

    pod2usage(-verbose => 1);

    pod2usage(-exitval => 1);

    pod2usage({-exitval => 1, -output => \*STDOUT});

    pod2usage({-verbose => 1, -output => \*STDOUT});

    pod2usage(-exitval => 1, -verbose => 1);

    pod2usage(-exitval => 1, -verbose => 1, -output => \*STDOUT});

Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print the entire manual page to STDOUT and will exit with a status of 1:

    pod2usage(-verbose  => 2);

    pod2usage({-verbose => 2, -output => \*STDOUT});

    pod2usage(-exitval  => 1, -verbose => 2);

    pod2usage({-exitval => 1, -verbose => 2, -output => \*STDOUT});

Most scripts should print some type of usage message to STDERR when a command line syntax error is detected. They should also provide an option (usually -H or -help) to print a (possibly more verbose) usage message to STDOUT. Some scripts may even wish to go so far as to provide a means of printing their complete documentation to STDOUT (perhaps by allowing a -man option). The following complete example uses Pod::Usage in combination with Getopt::Long to do all of these things:

    use Getopt::Long;
    use Pod::Usage;

    my $man = 0;
    my $help = 0;
    ## Parse options and print usage if there is a syntax error,
    ## or if usage was explicitly requested.
    GetOptions('help|?' => \$help, man => \$man) or pod2usage(2);
    pod2usage(1) if $help;
    pod2usage(-verbose => 2) if $man;

    ## If no arguments were given, then allow STDIN to be used only
    ## if it's not connected to a terminal (otherwise print usage)
    pod2usage("$0: No files given.")  if ((@ARGV == 0) && (-t STDIN));
    __END__

    =head1 NAME

    sample - Using GetOpt::Long and Pod::Usage

    =head1 SYNOPSIS

    sample [options] [file ...]

     Options:
       -help            brief help message
       -man             full documentation

    =head1 OPTIONS

    =over 8

    =item B<-help>

    Print a brief help message and exits.

    =item B<-man>

    Prints the manual page and exits.

    =back

    =head1 DESCRIPTION

    B<This program> will read the given input file(s) and do something
    useful with the contents thereof.

    =cut

CAVEATS

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By default, pod2usage() will use $0 as the path to the pod input file. Unfortunately, not all systems on which Perl runs will set $0 properly (although if $0 isn't found, pod2usage() will search $ENV{PATH} or else the list specified by the -pathlist option). If this is the case for your system, you may need to explicitly specify the path to the pod docs for the invoking script using something similar to the following:

    pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -input => "/path/to/your/pod/docs");

In the pathological case that a script is called via a relative path and the script itself changes the current working directory (see chdir in perlfunc) before calling pod2usage, Pod::Usage will fail even on robust platforms. Don't do that.

AUTHOR

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Please report bugs using http://rt.cpan.org.

Marek Rouchal <marekr@cpan.org>

Brad Appleton <bradapp@enteract.com>

Based on code for Pod::Text::pod2text() written by Tom Christiansen <tchrist@mox.perl.com>

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Steven McDougall <swmcd@world.std.com> for his help and patience with re-writing this manpage.

SEE ALSO

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Pod::Parser, Getopt::Long, Pod::Find

Pod-Parser documentation Contained in the Pod-Parser distribution. 
#############################################################################
# Pod/Usage.pm -- print usage messages for the running script.
#
# Copyright (C) 1996-2000 by Bradford Appleton. All rights reserved.
# This file is part of "PodParser". PodParser is free software;
# you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms
# as Perl itself.
#############################################################################

package Pod::Usage;
use strict;

use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT);
$VERSION = '1.36';  ## Current version of this package
require  5.005;    ## requires this Perl version or later


#############################################################################

#use diagnostics;
use Carp;
use Config;
use Exporter;
use File::Spec;

@EXPORT = qw(&pod2usage);
BEGIN {
    if ( $] >= 5.005_58 ) {
       require Pod::Text;
       @ISA = qw( Pod::Text );
    }
    else {
       require Pod::PlainText;
       @ISA = qw( Pod::PlainText );
    }
}

require Pod::Select;

##---------------------------------------------------------------------------

##---------------------------------
## Function definitions begin here
##---------------------------------

sub pod2usage {
    local($_) = shift;
    my %opts;
    ## Collect arguments
    if (@_ > 0) {
        ## Too many arguments - assume that this is a hash and
        ## the user forgot to pass a reference to it.
        %opts = ($_, @_);
    }
    elsif (!defined $_) {
      $_ = '';
    }
    elsif (ref $_) {
        ## User passed a ref to a hash
        %opts = %{$_}  if (ref($_) eq 'HASH');
    }
    elsif (/^[-+]?\d+$/) {
        ## User passed in the exit value to use
        $opts{'-exitval'} =  $_;
    }
    else {
        ## User passed in a message to print before issuing usage.
        $_  and  $opts{'-message'} = $_;
    }

    ## Need this for backward compatibility since we formerly used
    ## options that were all uppercase words rather than ones that
    ## looked like Unix command-line options.
    ## to be uppercase keywords)
    %opts = map {
        my ($key, $val) = ($_, $opts{$_});
        $key =~ s/^(?=\w)/-/;
        $key =~ /^-msg/i   and  $key = '-message';
        $key =~ /^-exit/i  and  $key = '-exitval';
        lc($key) => $val;
    } (keys %opts);

    ## Now determine default -exitval and -verbose values to use
    if ((! defined $opts{'-exitval'}) && (! defined $opts{'-verbose'})) {
        $opts{'-exitval'} = 2;
        $opts{'-verbose'} = 0;
    }
    elsif (! defined $opts{'-exitval'}) {
        $opts{'-exitval'} = ($opts{'-verbose'} > 0) ? 1 : 2;
    }
    elsif (! defined $opts{'-verbose'}) {
        $opts{'-verbose'} = (lc($opts{'-exitval'}) eq 'noexit' ||
                             $opts{'-exitval'} < 2);
    }

    ## Default the output file
    $opts{'-output'} = (lc($opts{'-exitval'}) eq 'noexit' ||
                        $opts{'-exitval'} < 2) ? \*STDOUT : \*STDERR
            unless (defined $opts{'-output'});
    ## Default the input file
    $opts{'-input'} = $0  unless (defined $opts{'-input'});

    ## Look up input file in path if it doesnt exist.
    unless ((ref $opts{'-input'}) || (-e $opts{'-input'})) {
        my $basename = $opts{'-input'};
        my $pathsep = ($^O =~ /^(?:dos|os2|MSWin32)$/i) ? ';'
                            : (($^O eq 'MacOS' || $^O eq 'VMS') ? ',' :  ':');
        my $pathspec = $opts{'-pathlist'} || $ENV{PATH} || $ENV{PERL5LIB};

        my @paths = (ref $pathspec) ? @$pathspec : split($pathsep, $pathspec);
        for my $dirname (@paths) {
            $_ = File::Spec->catfile($dirname, $basename)  if length;
            last if (-e $_) && ($opts{'-input'} = $_);
        }
    }

    ## Now create a pod reader and constrain it to the desired sections.
    my $parser = new Pod::Usage(USAGE_OPTIONS => \%opts);
    if ($opts{'-verbose'} == 0) {
        $parser->select('(?:SYNOPSIS|USAGE)\s*');
    }
    elsif ($opts{'-verbose'} == 1) {
        my $opt_re = '(?i)' .
                     '(?:OPTIONS|ARGUMENTS)' .
                     '(?:\s*(?:AND|\/)\s*(?:OPTIONS|ARGUMENTS))?';
        $parser->select( '(?:SYNOPSIS|USAGE)\s*', $opt_re, "DESCRIPTION/$opt_re" );
    }
    elsif ($opts{'-verbose'} >= 2 && $opts{'-verbose'} != 99) {
        $parser->select('.*');
    }
    elsif ($opts{'-verbose'} == 99) {
        my $sections = $opts{'-sections'};
        $parser->select( (ref $sections) ? @$sections : $sections );
        $opts{'-verbose'} = 1;
    }

    ## Now translate the pod document and then exit with the desired status
    if (      !$opts{'-noperldoc'}
         and  $opts{'-verbose'} >= 2
         and  !ref($opts{'-input'})
         and  $opts{'-output'} == \*STDOUT )
    {
       ## spit out the entire PODs. Might as well invoke perldoc
       my $progpath = File::Spec->catfile($Config{scriptdir}, 'perldoc');
       print { $opts{'-output'} } ($opts{'-message'}, "\n") if($opts{'-message'});
       if(defined $opts{-input} && $opts{-input} =~ /^\s*(\S.*?)\s*$/) {
         # the perldocs back to 5.005 should all have -F
	 # without -F there are warnings in -T scripts
         system($progpath, '-F', $1);
         if($?) {
           # RT16091: fall back to more if perldoc failed
           system(($Config{pager} || $ENV{PAGER} || '/bin/more'), $1);
         }
       } else {
         croak "Unspecified input file or insecure argument.\n";
       }
    }
    else {
       $parser->parse_from_file($opts{'-input'}, $opts{'-output'});
    }

    exit($opts{'-exitval'})  unless (lc($opts{'-exitval'}) eq 'noexit');
}

##---------------------------------------------------------------------------

##-------------------------------
## Method definitions begin here
##-------------------------------

sub new {
    my $this = shift;
    my $class = ref($this) || $this;
    my %params = @_;
    my $self = {%params};
    bless $self, $class;
    if ($self->can('initialize')) {
        $self->initialize();
    } else {
        $self = $self->SUPER::new();
        %$self = (%$self, %params);
    }
    return $self;
}

sub select {
    my ($self, @sections) = @_;
    if ($ISA[0]->can('select')) {
        $self->SUPER::select(@sections);
    } else {
        # we're using Pod::Simple - need to mimic the behavior of Pod::Select
        my $add = ($sections[0] eq '+') ? shift(@sections) : '';
        ## Reset the set of sections to use
        unless (@sections) {
          delete $self->{USAGE_SELECT} unless ($add);
          return;
        }
        $self->{USAGE_SELECT} = []
          unless ($add && $self->{USAGE_SELECT});
        my $sref = $self->{USAGE_SELECT};
        ## Compile each spec
        for my $spec (@sections) {
          my $cs = Pod::Select::_compile_section_spec($spec);
          if ( defined $cs ) {
            ## Store them in our sections array
            push(@$sref, $cs);
          } else {
            carp qq{Ignoring section spec "$spec"!\n};
          }
        }
    }
}

# Override Pod::Text->seq_i to return just "arg", not "*arg*".
sub seq_i { return $_[1] }

# This overrides the Pod::Text method to do something very akin to what
# Pod::Select did as well as the work done below by preprocess_paragraph.
# Note that the below is very, very specific to Pod::Text.
sub _handle_element_end {
    my ($self, $element) = @_;
    if ($element eq 'head1') {
        $self->{USAGE_HEADINGS} = [ $$self{PENDING}[-1][1] ];
        if ($self->{USAGE_OPTIONS}->{-verbose} < 2) {
            $$self{PENDING}[-1][1] =~ s/^\s*SYNOPSIS\s*$/USAGE/;
        }
    } elsif ($element =~ /^head(\d+)$/ && $1) { # avoid 0
        my $idx = $1 - 1;
        $self->{USAGE_HEADINGS} = [] unless($self->{USAGE_HEADINGS});
        $self->{USAGE_HEADINGS}->[$idx] = $$self{PENDING}[-1][1];
    }
    if ($element =~ /^head\d+$/) {
        $$self{USAGE_SKIPPING} = 1;
        if (!$$self{USAGE_SELECT} || !@{ $$self{USAGE_SELECT} }) {
            $$self{USAGE_SKIPPING} = 0;
        } else {
            my @headings = @{$$self{USAGE_HEADINGS}};
            for my $section_spec ( @{$$self{USAGE_SELECT}} ) {
                my $match = 1;
                for (my $i = 0; $i < $Pod::Select::MAX_HEADING_LEVEL; ++$i) {
                    $headings[$i] = '' unless defined $headings[$i];
                    my $regex   = $section_spec->[$i];
                    my $negated = ($regex =~ s/^\!//);
                    $match  &= ($negated ? ($headings[$i] !~ /${regex}/)
                                         : ($headings[$i] =~ /${regex}/));
                    last unless ($match);
                } # end heading levels
                if ($match) {
                  $$self{USAGE_SKIPPING} = 0;
                  last;
                }
            } # end sections
        }

        # Try to do some lowercasing instead of all-caps in headings, and use
        # a colon to end all headings.
        if($self->{USAGE_OPTIONS}->{-verbose} < 2) {
            local $_ = $$self{PENDING}[-1][1];
            s{([A-Z])([A-Z]+)}{((length($2) > 2) ? $1 : lc($1)) . lc($2)}ge;
            s/\s*$/:/  unless (/:\s*$/);
            $_ .= "\n";
            $$self{PENDING}[-1][1] = $_;
        }
    }
    if ($$self{USAGE_SKIPPING} && $element !~ m/^over-/) {
        pop @{ $$self{PENDING} };
    } else {
        $self->SUPER::_handle_element_end($element);
    }
}

# required for Pod::Simple API
sub start_document {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->SUPER::start_document();
    my $msg = $self->{USAGE_OPTIONS}->{-message}  or  return 1;
    my $out_fh = $self->output_fh();
    print $out_fh "$msg\n";
}

# required for old Pod::Parser API
sub begin_pod {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->SUPER::begin_pod();  ## Have to call superclass
    my $msg = $self->{USAGE_OPTIONS}->{-message}  or  return 1;
    my $out_fh = $self->output_handle();
    print $out_fh "$msg\n";
}

sub preprocess_paragraph {
    my $self = shift;
    local $_ = shift;
    my $line = shift;
    ## See if this is a heading and we arent printing the entire manpage.
    if (($self->{USAGE_OPTIONS}->{-verbose} < 2) && /^=head/) {
        ## Change the title of the SYNOPSIS section to USAGE
        s/^=head1\s+SYNOPSIS\s*$/=head1 USAGE/;
        ## Try to do some lowercasing instead of all-caps in headings
        s{([A-Z])([A-Z]+)}{((length($2) > 2) ? $1 : lc($1)) . lc($2)}ge;
        ## Use a colon to end all headings
        s/\s*$/:/  unless (/:\s*$/);
        $_ .= "\n";
    }
    return  $self->SUPER::preprocess_paragraph($_);
}

1; # keep require happy