Text::Typography - Markup ASCII text with correct typography for HTML

Text-Typography documentation Contained in the Text-Typography distribution.

Index

Code Index:

NAME

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Text::Typography - Markup ASCII text with correct typography for HTML

SYNOPSIS

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    use Text::Typography qw(typography);

    print typography($text);

DESCRIPTION

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This module is a thin wrapper for John Gruber's SmartyPants plugin for various CMSs.

SmartyPants is a web publishing utility that translates plain ASCII punctuation characters into "smart" typographic punctuation HTML entities. SmartyPants can perform the following transformations:

SmartyPants does not modify characters within <pre>, <code>, <kbd>, <script>, or <math> tag blocks. Typically, these tags are used to display text where smart quotes and other "smart punctuation" would not be appropriate, such as source code or example markup.

typography($text[, $attributes])

Returns a string marked up with the proper HTML entities for proper typography.

For fine grain control over what gets converted, use the $attributes option. The default value is 3.

The following numeric values set a group of options:

    0 : do nothing
    1 : set all
    2 : set all, using old school en- and em- dash shortcuts (-- and ---)
    3 : set all, using inverted old school en- and em- dash shortcuts (--- and --)

For even finer control, specify a string of one or more of the following characters:

    q : quotes
    b : backtick quotes (``double'' only)
    B : backtick quotes (``double'' and `single')
    d : dashes
    D : old school dashes
    i : inverted old school dashes
    e : ellipses
    w : convert &quot; entities to " for Dreamweaver users

Backslash Escapes

If you need to use literal straight quotes (or plain hyphens and periods), SmartyPants accepts the following backslash escape sequences to force non-smart punctuation. It does so by transforming the escape sequence into a decimal-encoded HTML entity:

              Escape  Value  Character
              ------  -----  ---------
                \\    &#92;    \
                \"    &#34;    "
                \'    &#39;    '
                \.    &#46;    .
                \-    &#45;    -
                \`    &#96;    `

This is useful, for example, when you want to use straight quotes as foot and inch marks: 6'2" tall; a 17" iMac.

Algorithmic Shortcomings

One situation in which quotes will get curled the wrong way is when apostrophes are used at the start of leading contractions. For example:

    'Twas the night before Christmas.

In the case above, SmartyPants will turn the apostrophe into an opening single-quote, when in fact it should be a closing one. I don't think this problem can be solved in the general case -- every word processor I've tried gets this wrong as well. In such cases, it's best to use the proper HTML entity for closing single-quotes (&#8217;) by hand.

AUTHOR

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Thomas Sibley created this module using the code from the SmartyPants CMS plugin by John Gruber (http://daringfireball.net/projects/smartypants/).

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

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    Copyright (c) 2003 John Gruber
    (http://daringfireball.net/)
    All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

* Neither the name "SmartyPants" nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the copyright owner or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.

Text-Typography documentation Contained in the Text-Typography distribution. 
package Text::Typography;

use strict;
use warnings;

use Exporter 'import';

use vars qw($VERSION @EXPORT_OK);
$VERSION   = '0.01';
@EXPORT_OK = qw(typography);


sub typography {
    my $text = shift;
    my $attr = defined $_[0] ? shift : 3;
    return SmartyPants($text, $attr);
}

#
# Beginning of slightly modified selected code from SmartyPants
#

# Globals:
my $tags_to_skip = qr!<(/?)(?:pre|code|kbd|script|math)[\s>]!;  # a / for vim

sub SmartyPants {
    # Paramaters:
    my $text = shift;            # text to be parsed
    my $attr = shift;       # value of the smart_quotes="" attribute

    # Options to specify which transformations to make:
    my ($do_quotes, $do_backticks, $do_dashes, $do_ellipses, $do_stupefy);
    my $convert_quot = 0;  # should we translate &quot; entities into normal quotes?

    # Parse attributes:
    # 0 : do nothing
    # 1 : set all
    # 2 : set all, using old school en- and em- dash shortcuts
    # 3 : set all, using inverted old school en and em- dash shortcuts
    # 
    # q : quotes
    # b : backtick quotes (``double'' only)
    # B : backtick quotes (``double'' and `single')
    # d : dashes
    # D : old school dashes
    # i : inverted old school dashes
    # e : ellipses
    # w : convert &quot; entities to " for Dreamweaver users

    if ($attr eq "0") {
        # Do nothing.
        return $text;
    }
    elsif ($attr eq "1") {
        # Do everything, turn all options on.
        $do_quotes    = 1;
        $do_backticks = 1;
        $do_dashes    = 1;
        $do_ellipses  = 1;
    }
    elsif ($attr eq "2") {
        # Do everything, turn all options on, use old school dash shorthand.
        $do_quotes    = 1;
        $do_backticks = 1;
        $do_dashes    = 2;
        $do_ellipses  = 1;
    }
    elsif ($attr eq "3") {
        # Do everything, turn all options on, use inverted old school dash shorthand.
        $do_quotes    = 1;
        $do_backticks = 1;
        $do_dashes    = 3;
        $do_ellipses  = 1;
    }
    elsif ($attr eq "-1") {
        # Special "stupefy" mode.
        $do_stupefy   = 1;
    }
    else {
        my @chars = split(//, $attr);
        foreach my $c (@chars) {
            if    ($c eq "q") { $do_quotes    = 1; }
            elsif ($c eq "b") { $do_backticks = 1; }
            elsif ($c eq "B") { $do_backticks = 2; }
            elsif ($c eq "d") { $do_dashes    = 1; }
            elsif ($c eq "D") { $do_dashes    = 2; }
            elsif ($c eq "i") { $do_dashes    = 3; }
            elsif ($c eq "e") { $do_ellipses  = 1; }
            elsif ($c eq "w") { $convert_quot = 1; }
            else {
                # Unknown attribute option, ignore.
            }
        }
    }

    my $tokens ||= _tokenize($text);
    my $result = '';
    my $in_pre = 0;  # Keep track of when we're inside <pre> or <code> tags.

    my $prev_token_last_char = "";  # This is a cheat, used to get some context
                                    # for one-character tokens that consist of 
                                    # just a quote char. What we do is remember
                                    # the last character of the previous text
                                    # token, to use as context to curl single-
                                    # character quote tokens correctly.

    foreach my $cur_token (@$tokens) {
        if ($cur_token->[0] eq "tag") {
            # Don't mess with quotes inside tags.
            $result .= $cur_token->[1];
            if ($cur_token->[1] =~ m/$tags_to_skip/) {
                $in_pre = defined $1 && $1 eq '/' ? 0 : 1;
            }
        } else {
            my $t = $cur_token->[1];
            my $last_char = substr($t, -1); # Remember last char of this token before processing.
            if (! $in_pre) {
                $t = ProcessEscapes($t);

                if ($convert_quot) {
                    $t =~ s/&quot;/"/g;
                }

                if ($do_dashes) {
                    $t = EducateDashes($t)                  if ($do_dashes == 1);
                    $t = EducateDashesOldSchool($t)         if ($do_dashes == 2);
                    $t = EducateDashesOldSchoolInverted($t) if ($do_dashes == 3);
                }

                $t = EducateEllipses($t) if $do_ellipses;

                # Note: backticks need to be processed before quotes.
                if ($do_backticks) {
                    $t = EducateBackticks($t);
                    $t = EducateSingleBackticks($t) if ($do_backticks == 2);
                }

                if ($do_quotes) {
                    if ($t eq q/'/) {
                        # Special case: single-character ' token
                        if ($prev_token_last_char =~ m/\S/) {
                            $t = "&#8217;";
                        }
                        else {
                            $t = "&#8216;";
                        }
                    }
                    elsif ($t eq q/"/) {
                        # Special case: single-character " token
                        if ($prev_token_last_char =~ m/\S/) {
                            $t = "&#8221;";
                        }
                        else {
                            $t = "&#8220;";
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        # Normal case:                  
                        $t = EducateQuotes($t);
                    }
                }

                $t = StupefyEntities($t) if $do_stupefy;
            }
            $prev_token_last_char = $last_char;
            $result .= $t;
        }
    }

    return $result;
}


sub SmartQuotes {
    # Paramaters:
    my $text = shift;   # text to be parsed
    my $attr = shift;   # value of the smart_quotes="" attribute

    my $do_backticks;   # should we educate ``backticks'' -style quotes?

    if ($attr == 0) {
        # do nothing;
        return $text;
    }
    elsif ($attr == 2) {
        # smarten ``backticks'' -style quotes
        $do_backticks = 1;
    }
    else {
        $do_backticks = 0;
    }

    # Special case to handle quotes at the very end of $text when preceded by
    # an HTML tag. Add a space to give the quote education algorithm a bit of
    # context, so that it can guess correctly that it's a closing quote:
    my $add_extra_space = 0;
    if ($text =~ m/>['"]\z/) {
        $add_extra_space = 1; # Remember, so we can trim the extra space later.
        $text .= " ";
    }

    my $tokens ||= _tokenize($text);
    my $result = '';
    my $in_pre = 0;  # Keep track of when we're inside <pre> or <code> tags

    my $prev_token_last_char = "";  # This is a cheat, used to get some context
                                    # for one-character tokens that consist of 
                                    # just a quote char. What we do is remember
                                    # the last character of the previous text
                                    # token, to use as context to curl single-
                                    # character quote tokens correctly.

    foreach my $cur_token (@$tokens) {
        if ($cur_token->[0] eq "tag") {
            # Don't mess with quotes inside tags
            $result .= $cur_token->[1];
            if ($cur_token->[1] =~ m/$tags_to_skip/) {
                $in_pre = defined $1 && $1 eq '/' ? 0 : 1;
            }
        } else {
            my $t = $cur_token->[1];
            my $last_char = substr($t, -1); # Remember last char of this token before processing.
            if (! $in_pre) {
                $t = ProcessEscapes($t);
                if ($do_backticks) {
                    $t = EducateBackticks($t);
                }

                if ($t eq q/'/) {
                    # Special case: single-character ' token
                    if ($prev_token_last_char =~ m/\S/) {
                        $t = "&#8217;";
                    }
                    else {
                        $t = "&#8216;";
                    }
                }
                elsif ($t eq q/"/) {
                    # Special case: single-character " token
                    if ($prev_token_last_char =~ m/\S/) {
                        $t = "&#8221;";
                    }
                    else {
                        $t = "&#8220;";
                    }
                }
                else {
                    # Normal case:                  
                    $t = EducateQuotes($t);
                }

            }
            $prev_token_last_char = $last_char;
            $result .= $t;
        }
    }

    if ($add_extra_space) {
        $result =~ s/ \z//;  # Trim trailing space if we added one earlier.
    }
    return $result;
}


sub SmartDashes {
    # Paramaters:
    my $text = shift;   # text to be parsed
    my $attr = shift;   # value of the smart_dashes="" attribute

    # reference to the subroutine to use for dash education, default to EducateDashes:
    my $dash_sub_ref = \&EducateDashes;

    if ($attr == 0) {
        # do nothing;
        return $text;
    }
    elsif ($attr == 2) {
        # use old smart dash shortcuts, "--" for en, "---" for em
        $dash_sub_ref = \&EducateDashesOldSchool; 
    }
    elsif ($attr == 3) {
        # inverse of 2, "--" for em, "---" for en
        $dash_sub_ref = \&EducateDashesOldSchoolInverted; 
    }

    my $tokens;
    $tokens ||= _tokenize($text);

    my $result = '';
    my $in_pre = 0;  # Keep track of when we're inside <pre> or <code> tags
    foreach my $cur_token (@$tokens) {
        if ($cur_token->[0] eq "tag") {
            # Don't mess with quotes inside tags
            $result .= $cur_token->[1];
            if ($cur_token->[1] =~ m/$tags_to_skip/) {
                $in_pre = defined $1 && $1 eq '/' ? 0 : 1;
            }
        } else {
            my $t = $cur_token->[1];
            if (! $in_pre) {
                $t = ProcessEscapes($t);
                $t = $dash_sub_ref->($t);
            }
            $result .= $t;
        }
    }
    return $result;
}


sub SmartEllipses {
    # Paramaters:
    my $text = shift;   # text to be parsed
    my $attr = shift;   # value of the smart_ellipses="" attribute

    if ($attr == 0) {
        # do nothing;
        return $text;
    }

    my $tokens;
    $tokens ||= _tokenize($text);

    my $result = '';
    my $in_pre = 0;  # Keep track of when we're inside <pre> or <code> tags
    foreach my $cur_token (@$tokens) {
        if ($cur_token->[0] eq "tag") {
            # Don't mess with quotes inside tags
            $result .= $cur_token->[1];
            if ($cur_token->[1] =~ m/$tags_to_skip/) {
                $in_pre = defined $1 && $1 eq '/' ? 0 : 1;
            }
        } else {
            my $t = $cur_token->[1];
            if (! $in_pre) {
                $t = ProcessEscapes($t);
                $t = EducateEllipses($t);
            }
            $result .= $t;
        }
    }
    return $result;
}


sub EducateQuotes {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#
#   Returns:    The string, with "educated" curly quote HTML entities.
#
#   Example input:  "Isn't this fun?"
#   Example output: &#8220;Isn&#8217;t this fun?&#8221;
#

    local $_ = shift;

    # Tell perl not to gripe when we use $1 in substitutions,
    # even when it's undefined. Use $^W instead of "no warnings"
    # for compatibility with Perl 5.005:
    local $^W = 0;


    # Make our own "punctuation" character class, because the POSIX-style
    # [:PUNCT:] is only available in Perl 5.6 or later:
    my $punct_class = qr/[!"#\$\%'()*+,-.\/:;<=>?\@\[\\\]\^_`{|}~]/;

    # Special case if the very first character is a quote
    # followed by punctuation at a non-word-break. Close the quotes by brute force:
    s/^'(?=$punct_class\B)/&#8217;/;
    s/^"(?=$punct_class\B)/&#8221;/;


    # Special case for double sets of quotes, e.g.:
    #   <p>He said, "'Quoted' words in a larger quote."</p>
    s/"'(?=\w)/&#8220;&#8216;/g;
    s/'"(?=\w)/&#8216;&#8220;/g;

    # Special case for decade abbreviations (the '80s):
    s/'(?=\d{2}s)/&#8217;/g;

    my $close_class = qr![^\ \t\r\n\[\{\(\-]!;
    my $dec_dashes = qr/&#8211;|&#8212;/;

    # Get most opening single quotes:
    s {
                (
                        \s          |   # a whitespace char, or
                        &nbsp;      |   # a non-breaking space entity, or
                        --          |   # dashes, or
                        &[mn]dash;  |   # named dash entities
                        $dec_dashes |   # or decimal entities
                        &\#x201[34];    # or hex
                )
                '                   # the quote
                (?=\w)              # followed by a word character
        } {$1&#8216;}xg;
    # Single closing quotes:
    s {
                ($close_class)?
                '
                (?(1)|          # If $1 captured, then do nothing;
                    (?=\s | s\b)  # otherwise, positive lookahead for a whitespace
                )               # char or an 's' at a word ending position. This
                                                # is a special case to handle something like:
                                                # "<i>Custer</i>'s Last Stand."
        } {$1&#8217;}xgi;

    # Any remaining single quotes should be opening ones:
    s/'/&#8216;/g;


    # Get most opening double quotes:
    s {
                (
                        \s          |   # a whitespace char, or
                        &nbsp;      |   # a non-breaking space entity, or
                        --          |   # dashes, or
                        &[mn]dash;  |   # named dash entities
                        $dec_dashes |   # or decimal entities
                        &\#x201[34];    # or hex
                )
                "                   # the quote
                (?=\w)              # followed by a word character
        } {$1&#8220;}xg;

    # Double closing quotes:
    s {
                ($close_class)?
                "
                (?(1)|(?=\s))   # If $1 captured, then do nothing;
                                                      # if not, then make sure the next char is whitespace.
        } {$1&#8221;}xg;

    # Any remaining quotes should be opening ones.
    s/"/&#8220;/g;

    return $_;
}


sub EducateBackticks {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#   Returns:    The string, with ``backticks'' -style double quotes
#               translated into HTML curly quote entities.
#
#   Example input:  ``Isn't this fun?''
#   Example output: &#8220;Isn't this fun?&#8221;
#

    local $_ = shift;
    s/``/&#8220;/g;
    s/''/&#8221;/g;
    return $_;
}


sub EducateSingleBackticks {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#   Returns:    The string, with `backticks' -style single quotes
#               translated into HTML curly quote entities.
#
#   Example input:  `Isn't this fun?'
#   Example output: &#8216;Isn&#8217;t this fun?&#8217;
#

    local $_ = shift;
    s/`/&#8216;/g;
    s/'/&#8217;/g;
    return $_;
}


sub EducateDashes {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#
#   Returns:    The string, with each instance of "--" translated to
#               an em-dash HTML entity.
#

    local $_ = shift;
    s/--/&#8212;/g;
    return $_;
}


sub EducateDashesOldSchool {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#
#   Returns:    The string, with each instance of "--" translated to
#               an en-dash HTML entity, and each "---" translated to
#               an em-dash HTML entity.
#

    local $_ = shift;
    s/---/&#8212;/g;    # em
    s/--/&#8211;/g;     # en
    return $_;
}


sub EducateDashesOldSchoolInverted {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#
#   Returns:    The string, with each instance of "--" translated to
#               an em-dash HTML entity, and each "---" translated to
#               an en-dash HTML entity. Two reasons why: First, unlike the
#               en- and em-dash syntax supported by
#               EducateDashesOldSchool(), it's compatible with existing
#               entries written before SmartyPants 1.1, back when "--" was
#               only used for em-dashes.  Second, em-dashes are more
#               common than en-dashes, and so it sort of makes sense that
#               the shortcut should be shorter to type. (Thanks to Aaron
#               Swartz for the idea.)
#

    local $_ = shift;
    s/---/&#8211;/g;    # en
    s/--/&#8212;/g;     # em
    return $_;
}


sub EducateEllipses {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#   Returns:    The string, with each instance of "..." translated to
#               an ellipsis HTML entity. Also converts the case where
#               there are spaces between the dots.
#
#   Example input:  Huh...?
#   Example output: Huh&#8230;?
#

    local $_ = shift;
    s/\.\.\./&#8230;/g;
    s/\. \. \./&#8230;/g;
    return $_;
}


sub StupefyEntities {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#   Returns:    The string, with each SmartyPants HTML entity translated to
#               its ASCII counterpart.
#
#   Example input:  &#8220;Hello &#8212; world.&#8221;
#   Example output: "Hello -- world."
#

    local $_ = shift;

    s/&#8211;/-/g;      # en-dash
    s/&#8212;/--/g;     # em-dash

    s/&#8216;/'/g;      # open single quote
    s/&#8217;/'/g;      # close single quote

    s/&#8220;/"/g;      # open double quote
    s/&#8221;/"/g;      # close double quote

    s/&#8230;/.../g;    # ellipsis

    return $_;
}

sub ProcessEscapes {
#
#   Parameter:  String.
#   Returns:    The string, with after processing the following backslash
#               escape sequences. This is useful if you want to force a "dumb"
#               quote or other character to appear.
#
#               Escape  Value
#               ------  -----
#               \\      &#92;
#               \"      &#34;
#               \'      &#39;
#               \.      &#46;
#               \-      &#45;
#               \`      &#96;
#
    local $_ = shift;

    s! \\\\ !&#92;!gx;
    s! \\"  !&#34;!gx;
    s! \\'  !&#39;!gx;
    s! \\\. !&#46;!gx;
    s! \\-  !&#45;!gx;
    s! \\`  !&#96;!gx;

    return $_;
}


sub _tokenize {
#
#   Parameter:  String containing HTML markup.
#   Returns:    Reference to an array of the tokens comprising the input
#               string. Each token is either a tag (possibly with nested,
#               tags contained therein, such as <a href="<MTFoo>">, or a
#               run of text between tags. Each element of the array is a
#               two-element array; the first is either 'tag' or 'text';
#               the second is the actual value.
#
#
#   Based on the _tokenize() subroutine from Brad Choate's MTRegex plugin.
#       <http://www.bradchoate.com/past/mtregex.php>
#

    my $str = shift;
    my $pos = 0;
    my $len = length $str;
    my @tokens;

    my $depth = 6;
    my $nested_tags = join('|', ('(?:<(?:[^<>]') x $depth) . (')*>)' x  $depth);
    my $match = qr/(?s: <! ( -- .*? -- \s* )+ > ) |  # comment
                                      (?s: <\? .*? \?> ) |              # processing instruction
                                      $nested_tags/x;                   # nested tags

    while ($str =~ m/($match)/g) {
        my $whole_tag = $1;
        my $sec_start = pos $str;
        my $tag_start = $sec_start - length $whole_tag;
        if ($pos < $tag_start) {
            push @tokens, ['text', substr($str, $pos, $tag_start - $pos)];
        }
        push @tokens, ['tag', $whole_tag];
        $pos = pos $str;
    }
    push @tokens, ['text', substr($str, $pos, $len - $pos)] if $pos < $len;
    \@tokens;
}

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